Command-line 'Terminal' Programmers use a command-line interface (CLI) to issue text-commands to the Operating System, instead of clicking or double-clicking on a Graphical User Interface (GUI). This is because command-line is much more powerful than the graphical interface. The Terminal application is a command-line Interface. By default, the Terminal in Ubuntu and Mac OS X runs the so-called bash shell, which supports a set of commands and utilities; and has its own programming language for writing shell scripts. To launch a Terminal: • In Mac OS X: Open 'Finder' ⇒ Go ⇒ Utilities ⇒ Select 'Terminal'.

Nov 13, 2017 - The easiest way to view all active processes running on your Mac is to. To the Utilities folder in Applications and double-click Terminal. Press Force Quit; Control-click or right-click on the application's icon in the Dock. Jul 8, 2010 - This increases it for the Console window, but some plug-ins seem to use the system font. Key to launch Terminal so I don't have to click the icon in the dock every time. Eclipse on Mac tricks welcome in the comments.

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Drag the 'Terminal' to your dock since you need to use it frequently. • In Ubuntu: Open 'Dash' ⇒ type 'Terminal'; or choose 'Applications' lens ⇒ Installed ⇒ Select 'Terminal'. Drag the 'Terminal' to your Launcher since you need to use it frequently. A Terminal displays a command prompt ending with a ' $' sign, in the form of: • In Mac OS X: ' ComputerName: CurrentDirectory Username$' • In Linux/Ubuntu: ' Username@ ComputerName: CurrentDirectory$' You can enter commands after the command prompt.

For example, enter ' pwd' to print the current working directory: $ pwd. In this article, I shall denote the command prompt simply as ' $'. File System Files and Directories Files are organized in directories (aka folders).

The directories are organized in a hierarchical tree structure, starting from the root directory. A directory may contain sub-directories and files. A sub-directory may contain sub-sub-directories and files. Root Directory ( /) A file is identified via the directories and filename, e.g., ' /usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.7.0_07/bin/javac'.

The leading ' /' (forward slash) denotes the root directory. The sub-directories are also separated by a ' /'. There is only one root directory for the entire Unix's file system. Hard drives are mounted somewhere under the root directory. Notes: Windows use ' ' (back slash) as the directory separator, and may contain multiple root directories - one for each drive (e.g., c:, d: ). Home Directory ( ~) Unix is a multi-user operating system (although most of you, in particular the Mac users, use it as a single-user personal computer).

Each user on the system is allocated a directory for storing his files, known as home directory. The users' home directories are allocated under /Users (for Mac OS X), or /home (for Ubuntu), with a sub-directory name the same as the username, e.g. /Users/peter, /Users/paul in Mac OS; or /home/peter, /home/paul in Ubuntu. Your home directory ( /Users/) contains sub-directories such as Downloads, Documents. Their full filenames are /Users//Downloads, /Users//Documents, respectively.

You can use a special notation ' ~' to denote your home directory. In other words, ~/Downloads is the same as /Users//Downloads. Pathname and Filename To reference a file, you need to provide the pathname (directory and sub-directories names) and the filename. For example, in ' /usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.7.0_07/bin/javac', the pathname is ' /usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.7.0_07/bin/' and the filename is ' javac'. The pathname can be specified in two ways: • Absolute Pathname: An absolute path begins from the root directory. That is, it starts with a ' /' followed by all the sub-directories, separated with ' /' leading to the file, e.g., ' /usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.7.0_07/bin/'. An absolute path can also begin with the current user's home directory (starts with '~').

For example, ' ~/Downloads/jdk/' is the same as ' /Users//Downloads/jdk/' in Mac OS. • Relative Pathname: A relative path is relative to the so-called current working directory. A relative path does NOT begin with ' /' or ' ~'. For example, if the current working directory is ' /usr/lib/jvm/', then the relative pathname ' jdk1.7.0_07/bin/' refers to ' /usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.7.0_07/bin/'. Unix system is case sensitive, a rose is NOT a Rose, and is NOT a ROSE. Basic Commands pwd (Print Current Working Directory) The Terminal session maintains a so-called current working directory. All relative pathnames/filenames are relative to the current working directory.

To display the current directory, issue command ' pwd' (print working directory): // Print Current Working Directory $ pwd. When a Terminal is launched, it sets the initial working directory to the home directory of the current login user (denoted as ' ~'). The current working directory is often included as part of the command prompt. Cd (Change Working Directory) To change the current working directory, issue command ' cd '. You can specify new-pathname in two ways: absolute or relative. As explained earlier, an absolute path begins with a ' /' (root directory) or ' ~' (home directory); whereas a relative path is relative to the current working directory and does NOT begin with ' /' or ' ~'. For example, $ cd / // Change directory (absolute) to the root $ cd /usr/local // Change directory (absolute) to '/usr/local' $ cd mysql // Change directory (relative) to mysql of the current directory $ cd myproject/bin // Change directory (relative) to myproject/bin of the current directory You can cd in multiple stages (e.g., one cd for each sub-directory - recommended), or cd in a single stage with the full pathname.